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Nonviolent Action: The Force of the Soul

In Africa, Anticolonialism, Asia, Being a World Citizen, Conflict Resolution, Cultural Bridges, Nonviolence, Peacebuilding, Solidarity, Spirituality, The Search for Peace on October 2, 2026 at 6:00 AM

By René Wadlow

October 2 is the United Nations (UN) General Assembly-designated Day of Nonviolence chosen as October 2 is the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi, shortly after finishing his legal studies in England, went to South Africa and began working with Indian laborers, victims of discrimination. He looked for a term understandable to a largely English-speaking population to explain his efforts. “Passive resistance” was the most widely used term and had been used by Leo Tolstoy and others. However, Gandhi found the word “passive” misleading. There did exist a Hindu term, ahinsa – a meaning non- and hinsa, violence. The term was basically unknown among White South Africans, largely uninterested in Indian philosophical thought.

Gandhi wrote to a friend from his legal studies days in England, Edward Maitland. Maitland and Anna Kingsford were the leaders of the Esoteric Christian Union and the leaders of the London Lodge of the Theosophical Society. Maitland introduced Gandhi to the writings of the American New Thought writer Ralph Waldo Trine. Trine was a New Englander and his parents named him after Emerson. His best-known work from which Gandhi took the term for his actions in South Africa is In Tune with the Infinite or Fullness of Peace Power and Plenty. (1)

Trine uses the term “soul force” which Gandhi then used for his work in South Africa. Once back in India, Gandhi wanted an Indian rather than an English expression, and he coined the term satyagraha − holding on to truth: satya as Truth in a cosmic sense is an oft-used Hindu term while “soul” would need some explaining to Indian followers.

All of Trine’s writings contained the same message: soul force could be acquired by making oneself one with God, who was immanent, through love and service to one’s fellow men. The Christ Trine followed was one familiar to Gandhi − the supreme spiritual exemplar who showed men the way to union with their divine essence. Trine promised that the true seeker, fearless and forgetful of self-interest, will be so filled with the power of God working through him that “as he goes here and there, he can continually send out influences of the most potent and powerful nature that will reach the uttermost parts of the world.”

For Trine, thought was the way that a person came into tune with the Infinite. “Each is building his own world. We both build from within, and we attract from without. Thought is the force with which we build, for thoughts are forces. Like builds like and like attracts like. In the degree that thought is spiritualized does it become more subtle and powerful in its workings. This spiritualizing is in accordance with law and is within the power of all.

“Everything is first worked out in the unseen before it is manifested in the seen, in the ideal before it is realized in the real, in the spiritual before it shows forth in the material. The realm of the unseen is the realm of cause. The realm of the seen is the realm of effect. The nature of effect is always determined and conditioned by the nature of its cause.”

Thus, for Mahatma Gandhi, before a nonviolent action or campaign, there was a long period of spiritual preparation of both him and his close co-workers. Prayer, fasting, and meditation were used in order to focus the force of the soul, to visualize a positive outcome and to develop harmlessness to those opposed.

Another theme which Trine stressed and Gandhi constantly used in his efforts to build bridges between Hindus and Muslims was that there was a basic core common to all religions. Gandhi wrote “There is a golden thread that runs through every religion in the world. There is a golden thread that runs through the lives and the teachings of all the prophets, seers, sages, and saviors in the world’s history, through the lives of all men and women of truly great and lasting power. The great central fact of the universe is that the spirit of infinite life and power is back of all, manifests itself in and through all. This spirit of infinite life and power that is back of all is what I call God. I care not what term you may use, be it Kindly Light, Providence, the Over-Soul, Omnipotence or whatever term may be most convenient, so long as we are agreed in regard to the great central fact itself.”

Note:

(1) R.W. Trine, In Tune with the Infinite (New York: Whitecombe and Tombs, 1899, 175 pp.)

Prof. René Wadlow is President of the Association of World Citizens.

Of related interest:

L’action non violente : la force de l’âme

In Africa, Anticolonialism, Asia, Being a World Citizen, Conflict Resolution, Cultural Bridges, Nonviolence, Peacebuilding, Solidarity, Spirituality, The Search for Peace on October 2, 2026 at 6:00 AM

Par René Wadlow

Le 2 octobre est la Journée de la non-violence désignée par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (ONU), cette date ayant été choisie car elle correspond à l’anniversaire de la naissance du Mahatma Gandhi.

Peu après avoir terminé ses études de droit en Angleterre, le Mahatma Gandhi s’est rendu en Afrique du Sud et a commencé à travailler auprès des ouvriers indiens, victimes de discrimination. Il chercha un terme compréhensible pour une population majoritairement anglophone afin d’expliquer ses efforts. La «résistance passive» était le terme le plus couramment utilisé, notamment par Léon Tolstoï et d’autres. Cependant, Gandhi trouvait le mot «passif» trompeur. Il existait bien un terme hindou, ahimsa – signifiant «non-» et hinsa, «violence». Ce terme était pratiquement inconnu des Sud-Africains blancs, qui ne s’intéressaient guère à la pensée philosophique indienne.

Gandhi écrivit à un ami qu’il avait connu lors de ses études de droit en Angleterre, Edward Maitland. Maitland et Anna Kingsford étaient à la tête de l’Union chrétienne ésotérique et dirigeaient la loge londonienne de la Société théosophique. Maitland fit découvrir à Gandhi les écrits de Ralph Waldo Trine, auteur américain du mouvement de la «Nouvelle Pensée». Originaire de Nouvelle-Angleterre, Trine avait été baptisé en l’honneur d’Emerson par ses parents. Son ouvrage le plus célèbre, dont Gandhi s’inspira pour nommer ses actions en Afrique du Sud, s’intitule In Tune with the Infinite ou Fullness of Peace, Power and Plenty. (1)

Trine utilise le terme «force de l’âme» (soul force), que Gandhi reprit ensuite pour son action en Afrique du Sud. De retour en Inde, Gandhi souhaitait employer une expression indienne plutôt qu’anglaise, et il forgea le terme satyagraha – «s’en tenir à la vérité» : satya, qui désigne la Vérité au sens cosmique, est un terme hindou couramment utilisé, tandis que le concept d’«âme» aurait nécessité quelques explications auprès de ses partisans indiens.

Tous les écrits de Trine véhiculaient le même message : on pouvait acquérir la force de l’âme en ne faisant qu’un avec Dieu, qui était immanent, par l’amour et le service rendu à ses semblables. Le Christ que Trine suivait était celui que Gandhi connaissait bien : le modèle spirituel suprême qui montrait aux hommes le chemin vers l’union avec leur essence divine. Trine promettait que le véritable chercheur, intrépide et désintéressé, serait à tel point imprégné de la puissance de Dieu agissant à travers lui que «partout où il ira, il pourra sans cesse diffuser des influences de la nature la plus puissante et la plus forte qui atteindront les confins du monde».

Pour Trine, la pensée était le moyen par lequel une personne s’accordait avec l’Infini. «Chacun construit son propre monde. Nous construisons à la fois de l’intérieur et nous attirons de l’extérieur. La pensée est la force avec laquelle nous construisons, car les pensées sont des forces. Le semblable construit le semblable et le semblable attire le semblable. Plus la pensée est spiritualisée, plus elle devient subtile et puissante dans son action. Cette spiritualisation est conforme à la loi et est à la portée de tous».

«Tout s’élabore d’abord dans l’invisible avant de se manifester dans le visible, dans l’idéal avant de se réaliser dans le réel, dans le spirituel avant de se révéler dans le matériel. Le domaine de l’invisible est le domaine de la cause. Le domaine du visible est le domaine de l’effet. La nature de l’effet est toujours déterminée et conditionnée par la nature de sa cause.»

Ainsi, pour le Mahatma Gandhi, toute action ou campagne non violente était précédée d’une longue période de préparation spirituelle, tant pour lui-même que pour ses proches collaborateurs. La prière, le jeûne et la méditation étaient utilisés afin de concentrer la force de l’âme, de visualiser un résultat positif et de cultiver l’innocuité envers ceux qui s’opposaient à eux.

Un autre thème sur lequel Trine insistait et que Gandhi utilisait constamment dans ses efforts pour jeter des ponts entre hindous et musulmans était l’existence d’un noyau fondamental commun à toutes les religions. Gandhi écrivait : «Il existe un fil d’or qui traverse toutes les religions du monde. Il existe un fil d’or qui traverse la vie et les enseignements de tous les prophètes, voyants, sages et sauveurs de l’histoire du monde, ainsi que la vie de tous les hommes et femmes dotés d’une puissance véritablement grande et durable. Le grand fait central de l’univers est que l’esprit de vie et de puissance infinies est à l’origine de tout, se manifeste en tout et à travers tout. Cet esprit de vie et de puissance infinies qui est à l’origine de tout est ce que j’appelle Dieu. Peu m’importe le terme que vous utiliserez, qu’il s’agisse de «Lumière bienveillante», de «Providence», d’«Âme suprême», d’«Omnipotence» ou de tout autre terme qui vous semblera le plus approprié, pourvu que nous soyons d’accord sur cette grande réalité centrale elle-même.»

Note :
(1) R.W. Trine, In Tune with the Infinite (New York : Whitecombe and Tombs, 1899, 175 p.)

Le Professeur René Wadlow est Président de l’Association of World Citizens.

A voir également :

Five Years of Taliban Misrule

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Conflict Resolution, Current Events, Human Rights, Middle East & North Africa, NGOs, Peacebuilding, Refugees, Solidarity, The Search for Peace, Track II, United Nations, Women's Rights, World Law on August 22, 2026 at 1:00 PM

By René Wadlow

The Association of World Citizens (AWC) has highlighted the dangerous situation in Afghanistan – a combination of tensions with Pakistan and the internal conditions created by the authorities’ harsh treatment of women and girls.

August 15, 2026 marked the passage of five years since the Taliban forces returned to power in Afghanistan.

There is a saying that humanity is possessed of two wings, the male and the female. So long as these wings are not equivalent in strength, the bird will not fly. The Taliban did not invent the inequality between men and women in Afghanistan. However, they established it as policy. They have copied the Islamic Republic of Iran in creating a government body to track what the government considers as violations of morals: the PVPV, Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice.

Women have been largely erased from public life. Girls are denied formal education beyond primary school. Many Afghans, not only women, feel that their voices are not heard in the current government’s councils. There is a heavy weight of the traditions and practices of the past.

Women could play a vital role in agricultural production as stewards of the land. Women comprise much of the agricultural labor force in many countries. Agricultural production in Afghanistan is at a record low level due in large part to the treatment of women.

A large number of Afghans who had fled to Iran, Pakistan and Western Europe are being forced back to Afghanistan as an increasing number of countries enact anti-migrant policies. There have been efforts within the United Nations (UN) system to improve the conditions of migration. However, these UN efforts have not diminished the flow of migration. There are cases where migrants are treated as criminals and pushed back to their home countries. The study of current migration flows is important to have a realistic picture of migration and especially to make improvements.

Tension with Pakistan which has led to armed violence concern accusations by Pakistan that Afghanistan has allowed anti-Pakistan government militants affiliated with the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) to use Afghanistan as a base to attack Pakistani forces. Efforts at conflict resolution need to be made.

China may be able to play a role although Afghanistan is largely cut off from diplomatic contact with many countries who do not recognize the legitimacy of Taliban rule.

The situation in Afghanistan and its regional impact needs to be followed closely. Nongovernmental Organizations may be able to play a positive role.

Prof. René Wadlow is President of the Association of World Citizens.

Of related interest:

Cinq ans de règne tyrannique des Talibans

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Conflict Resolution, Current Events, Human Rights, Middle East & North Africa, NGOs, Peacebuilding, Refugees, Solidarity, The Search for Peace, Track II, United Nations, Women's Rights, World Law on August 22, 2026 at 1:00 PM

Par René Wadlow

L’Association of World Citizens (AWC) a mis en lumière la situation dangereuse qui règne en Afghanistan – une combinaison de tensions avec le Pakistan et de problèmes internes engendrés par le traitement sévère infligé aux femmes et aux jeunes filles par les autorités.

Le 15 août 2026 a marqué le cinquième anniversaire du retour au pouvoir des Talibans en Afghanistan.

On dit souvent que l’humanité possède deux ailes : l’une masculine, l’autre féminine. Tant que ces ailes n’ont pas la même force, l’oiseau ne peut s’envoler. Les Talibans n’ont pas inventé l’inégalité entre les hommes et les femmes en Afghanistan. Cependant, ils en ont fait une politique d’État. Ils ont pris pour modèle la République islamique d’Iran en créant un organisme gouvernemental chargé de traquer ce que le gouvernement considère comme des violations de la morale : le PVPV (Propagation de la vertu et prévention du vice).

Les femmes ont été largement écartées de la vie publique. Les filles se voient refuser l’accès à l’enseignement formel au-delà de l’école primaire. De nombreux Afghans, et pas seulement les femmes, ont le sentiment que leur voix n’est pas entendue au sein des instances gouvernementales actuelles. Le poids des traditions et des pratiques du passé est écrasant.

Les femmes pourraient jouer un rôle essentiel dans la production agricole en tant que gardiennes de la terre. Dans de nombreux pays, elles constituent une part importante de la main-d’œuvre agricole. La production agricole en Afghanistan se situe à un niveau historiquement bas, en grande partie à cause du traitement réservé aux femmes.

Les femmes pourraient jouer un rôle essentiel dans la production agricole en tant que gardiennes de la terre. Dans de nombreux pays, elles constituent une part importante de la main-d’œuvre agricole. En Afghanistan, la production agricole a atteint un niveau historiquement bas, en grande partie à cause du traitement réservé aux femmes.

Un grand nombre d’Afghans qui s’étaient réfugiés en Iran, au Pakistan et en Europe occidentale sont contraints de retourner en Afghanistan, alors qu’un nombre croissant de pays adoptent des politiques anti-migrants. Des efforts ont été déployés au sein du système des Nations unies (ONU) pour améliorer les conditions de migration. Cependant, ces efforts de l’ONU n’ont pas permis de réduire les flux migratoires. Il arrive que des migrants soient traités comme des criminels et renvoyés de force dans leur pays d’origine. L’étude des flux migratoires actuels est importante pour se faire une idée réaliste de la migration et, surtout, pour apporter des améliorations.

Les tensions avec le Pakistan, qui ont débouché sur des violences armées, sont liées aux accusations portées par le Pakistan selon lesquelles l’Afghanistan aurait permis à des militants opposés au gouvernement pakistanais, affiliés au Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), d’utiliser le territoire afghan comme base pour attaquer les forces pakistanaises. Des efforts doivent être déployés pour résoudre ce conflit.

La Chine pourrait jouer un rôle, bien que l’Afghanistan soit largement coupé de tout contact diplomatique avec de nombreux pays qui ne reconnaissent pas la légitimité du régime taliban.

La situation en Afghanistan et son impact régional doivent être suivis de près. Les Organisations Non-Gouvernementales pourraient jouer un rôle positif.

Le Professeur René Wadlow est Président de l’Association of World Citizens.

A lire également:

World Citizens Urge Renewed Conflict Resolution Efforts Between Pakistan and Afghanistan

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Conflict Resolution, Current Events, Humanitarian Law, NGOs, Peacebuilding, Solidarity, The Search for Peace, United Nations, World Law on August 9, 2026 at 2:00 PM

By René Wadlow

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) published at the end of July 2026 a stark report on the armed tensions between groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Some 500 Afghans have been killed, some 1,220 wounded mostly by air attacks, and 150,000 persons have been displaced by the fighting. UNAMA members are not able to investigate in Pakistan, so there are no UN figures on the number of persons killed and wounded in the country.

Most of the deaths by bombing are civilians as there is little fighting by regular armed forces. For the moment, there are no negotiations in good faith between the two countries.

Therefore, the Association of World Citizens appeals to the authorities of Pakistan and the de facto leadership in Afghanistan to undertake conflict resolution efforts. There is a danger that the fighting will spread and be more destructive. Constructive action is needed now.

Prof. René Wadlow is President of the Association of World Citizens.

Of related interest:

Pakistan-Afghanistan Armed Conflict: Humanitarian Law Needs to be Upheld

Les Citoyens du Monde appellent à redoubler d’efforts pour résoudre le conflit entre le Pakistan et l’Afghanistan

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Conflict Resolution, Current Events, Humanitarian Law, NGOs, Peacebuilding, Solidarity, The Search for Peace, United Nations, World Law on August 9, 2026 at 2:00 PM

Par René Wadlow

La Mission d’Assistance des Nations Unies en Afghanistan (MANUA) a publié fin juillet 2026 un rapport sans concession sur les tensions armées entre différents groupes en Afghanistan et au Pakistan. Quelque 500 Afghans ont été tués, environ 1 220 blessés, principalement lors de frappes aériennes, et 150 000 personnes ont été déplacées par les combats. Les membres de l’UNAMA ne sont pas en mesure de mener des enquêtes au Pakistan ; il n’existe donc pas de chiffres de l’ONU concernant le nombre de personnes tuées et blessées dans ce pays.

La plupart des victimes des bombardements sont des civils, car les combats menés par les forces armées régulières sont rares. Pour l’instant, aucune négociation de bonne foi n’est en cours entre les deux pays.

C’est pourquoi l’Association of World Citizens lance un appel aux autorités pakistanaises et aux dirigeants de facto en Afghanistan pour qu’ils s’engagent dans des efforts de résolution du conflit. Le risque existe que les combats s’étendent et deviennent encore plus destructeurs. Une action constructive s’impose dès maintenant.

Le Professeur René Wadlow est Président de l’Association des Citoyens du Monde.

À lire également :

Pakistan-Afghanistan Armed Conflict: Humanitarian Law Needs to be Upheld

World Citizens Oppose Ethnic Unity Law

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Cultural Bridges, Current Events, Democracy, Fighting Racism, Human Rights, NGOs, Solidarity, United Nations, World Law on August 5, 2026 at 6:00 AM

By René Wadlow

The Chinese Government limits ethnic minorities with a new Ethnic Unity law which expands state control over identity, culture, and religious practice. The Ethnic Unity Law came into force on July 1, 2026. To protest the Ethnic Unity Law, Lobga Rangzen, a 52-year-old Tibetan activist, made a sacrificial death at the doors of the United Nations in New York.

The protection of the way of life of ethnic minorities is an issue in many countries. On the one hand, minorities must be protected; on the other hand, minorities must not be relegated to folklore to be looked at by tourists. Finding the proper balance is not easy.

The Chinese Government presents one extreme position in its effort to mold large ethnic minorities, such as the Tibetans, into what the government considers to be Chinese identity.

The Association of World Citizens has appealed to the Chinese authorities to reconsider its policies and to modify or abolish its Ethnic Unity Law. For the moment, the authorities have taken no action despite protests by other human rights action groups.

The situation should be followed closely.

Prof. René Wadlow is the President of the Association of World Citizens.

Les Citoyens du Monde s’opposent à la loi sur l’unité ethnique

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Cultural Bridges, Current Events, Democracy, Fighting Racism, Human Rights, NGOs, Solidarity, United Nations, World Law on August 5, 2026 at 6:00 AM

Par René Wadlow

Le gouvernement chinois impose des restrictions aux minorités ethniques par le biais d’une nouvelle loi sur l’unité ethnique, laquelle renforce le contrôle de l’État sur l’identité, la culture et les pratiques religieuses. Cette loi est entrée en vigueur le 1er juillet 2026. Pour protester contre cette mesure, Lobga Rangzen, un militant tibétain de 52 ans, s’est donné la mort en signe de sacrifice devant le siège des Nations Unies à New York.

La préservation du mode de vie des minorités ethniques constitue un enjeu dans de nombreux pays. D’une part, ces minorités doivent être protégées ; d’autre part, elles ne doivent pas être réduites à un simple folklore destiné au regard des touristes. Trouver le juste équilibre n’est pas chose aisée.

Le gouvernement chinois adopte une position extrême en cherchant à mouler d’importantes minorités ethniques, telles que les Tibétains, dans ce qu’il considère comme étant l’identité chinoise.

L’Association of World Citizens a appelé les autorités chinoises à reconsidérer leurs politiques et à modifier ou abroger la loi sur l’unité ethnique. Pour l’heure, les autorités n’ont pris aucune mesure, malgré les protestations d’autres groupes de défense des Droits Humains.

La situation mérite une attention particulière.

Le Professeur René Wadlow est Président de l’Association of World Citizens.

BOOK REVIEW: Alexander Casella, “Breaking the Rules: Working for the UN can be fun. And it can also do some good provided one is ready to lie, fib, obfuscate and break all the rules.”

In Asia, Being a World Citizen, Book Review, Human Rights, NGOs, Refugees, Solidarity, United Nations, United States on January 7, 2026 at 8:00 AM

By René Wadlow

Alexander Casella, Breaking the Rules: Working for the UN can be fun. And it can also do some good provided one is ready to lie, fib, obfuscate and break all the rules.

Geneva: Editions du Tricorne, 2011, 368pp.

Alexander Casella has written a lively account of his years first as a journalist for the Journal de Genève covering events in Vietnam and China and then as a staff member of the Office of the United Nations (UN) High Commissioner for Refugees dealing largely with Indochina with short stays in other trouble spots – Beirut and Albania after the Serbia-Kosovo conflict. He has kept his journalist ability to paint word portraits of colleagues and Vietnamese and Chinese officials.

Thus, he writes, “During the twenty years that I spent in the cut-throat world of humanitarian action, from Hanoi to Beirut to Bangkok to Hong Kong, the humanitarians I encountered included more than their share of the self-righteous, the unimaginative and the careerist. And as for the philanthropic organizations they served in, while these were certainly doing some good they were also spending an inordinate amount of time stabbing each other in the back as they vied for visibility and a larger slice of the public’s money. To my mind, the worst of the lot were to be found among the so-called advocates, those who had made it their mission to preach rather than to act. Vain, arrogant, self-obsessed and with human rights violations as their daily bread they would on occasion not hesitate to fabricate fodder in the race to appear more proactive than their competitors.”

Casella jumps over his years as a student at the University of Geneva and his Ph.D. studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute for International Studies where he might have seen some backstabbing and also his years as a journalist where all his colleagues were not necessarily imaginative and selfless. However, his emphasis is on his years with the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

He began with UNHCR early in 1973 at a particularly critical moment in the history of the United States (U.S.) war in Vietnam. The High Commissioner was the atypical Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan who had a particular interest in Vietnam. He was the son of the Aga Khan, who as a delegate of India had been for a year the President of the Council of the League of Nations as well as the head of the Ismaili branch of Shia Muslims. Thus, Sadruddin grew up in a diplomatic milieu, studied at Harvard where he made U.S. friends and contacts and had personal money which let him do things without checking with UNHCR accountants. Sadruddin also had a large château on the edge of the Lake of Geneva where he could invite people to whom he wished to speak informally. For Casella, all the following High Commissioners who came from national politics or the International Committee of the Red Cross had less style, fewer doors that opened at the sound of the name, and followed more closely bureaucratic rules.

Breaking the Rules gives the book its title and somewhat its theme. But there is a difference between the rules and the spirit of the rules. The rules are set for an organization whose headquarters are in Geneva and where following rules in the narrow sense is part of the city s culture. Thus, to give an example Casella uses, if you want to buy a ton of cement to build something in Geneva, you need to summit three estimates from three different companies to get an O.K. In Geneva, you can get three estimates in a hurry. But Casella wanted a ton of cement in Hanoi, which had to be shipped from China. There were not three companies in competition. So he bought cement from the one company available. Casella had a good local Vietnamese assistant so he did not pay too much.

As with much national diplomacy, UN organizations have to obfuscate while knowing the real situation. Thus, in the early days when North Vietnam was not a member of the UN, the UNHCR had to deal with what was called the North Vietnamese Red Cross though in practice the people were from the Foreign Ministry. That also happened with the boat people issue of Vietnamese landing in other Asian countries. Some boat people could not be granted refugee status and agreements had to be reached on their return to Vietnam with a government agreement not to prosecute for illegal exit. The negotiations were difficult. Some things had to be made very clear; other things left vague. People known earlier reappear in different categories. You need a good memory.

A main difference between being part of a national diplomatic service and a UN agency, is that in a national service, although people have different temperaments, they share a common culture while in the UN, people come from different cultural backgrounds. Thus when Madame Ogata became High Commissioner “however well she spoke English, she still had the mindset of a Japanese and there was no getting away from it…The stern-looking woman who received me that evening at six did not move from her desk as I was ushered into her office and did not seem particularly pleased to see me either.”

Another difference is the need to raise funds to carry out activities. While most of the bureaucratic functions of UNHCR are covered by a regular budget, activities on behalf of refugees in the field must be covered by special donations, usually from rich countries. Thus, there is a need to sell programs and not to offend the leaders of states who donate funds. There must be as few waves as possible and no reports of financial mismanagement.

Thus, the need at times to whitewash events, to make complicated situations look simpler, to have regional representation of staff and yet somehow to weave the mosaic into one operational entity. Casella has written a realistic picture of UNHCR both in Geneva and Asia – a welcome addition to the small body of writings of firsthand experiences.

Prof. René Wadlow is President of the Association of World Citizens.

BOOK REVIEW: Deng Ming-Dao, “The Wandering Taoist”

In Asia, Book Review, Nonviolence, Spirituality, The Search for Peace on January 7, 2026 at 8:00 AM

Deng Ming-Dao, The Wandering Taoist.
New York: Harper and Row, 1986, 240pp.

This is a biography of Kwan Saihung, a Chinese Taoist ascetic master written by an American student of his in martial arts and Taoist training. Kwan Saihung was trained in a leading Taoist monastery in China in the 1930s. He left the monastery to fight the Japanese during the late 1930s. After the Communist victory in the civil war, he arrived in California where he teaches Chinese martial arts – many of which are related to Taoist philosophy.

Although Taoist sages usually speak little of themselves – the personality and outward events of life being of less importance than one’s relations to nature and the permanent patterns of life – Deng Ming-Dao has pieced together a chronological description of Kwan Saihung’s early life and training from conversations with the master. Most of the book is recounted in conversational style, which makes for pleasant reading.

“All that matters to a Taoist is that one is in harmony with nature. In one’s character, one is like heaven and earth, as orderly as the four seasons. The book Tao Te Ching clearly states that when things reach the pinnacle of their strength, they begin to grow old. (1) Therefore excessive strength is contrary to Tao. What is contrary to Tao will come to a speedy end. Thus one seeks not to build up one’s own power but to unite with the Tao. Things change but the laws underlying change remain unchanging. If one understands these laws and regulates one’s actions in conformity with them, one can then turn everything to one’s advantage.”

(1) See Arthus Waley, The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching (New York, Grove Press, 1958, 260pp)

Prof. René Wadlow is President of the Association of World Citizens.